In this work, the electrical signals obtained by application of microwaves in chemical and bone tissues are analyzed and classified using techniques of signal processing and pattern recognition. For this, Wavelet Transform is applied as a method to extract relevant features of signal and KNN is used as a classification technique. The results showed that microwave signals can be analyzed using Wavelet Transform, which can be used to reconstruct the signals with minimal error rate and KNN showed satisfactory results.

Iodato pode ser reduzido em solução tampão B-R pH 2,0 por ação da hidroxilamina. Dependendo da concentração do agente redutor é possível gerar iodo molecular ou o complexo triiodeto. Iodo apresenta um conjunto de três picos de absorção, enquanto o complexo somente dois na região do ultravioleta. Utilizando excesso de hidroxilamina é possível monitorar o triiodeto em max. 352 nm e max. 288 nm. Empregando as melhores condições experimentais, curvas de calibração lineares entre 2,3x10-4 mol L-1 a 5,0x10-4 mol L-1 foram obtidas para a determinação de iodato. A metodologia foi aplicada em amostras de sais de cozinha de supermercados da cidade de Natal, RN.

Iodate can be reduced in solution buffer B-R pH 2,0 by means of hydroxylamine. Depending on the concentration of the reducing agent, it is possible to generate molecular iodine or the triiodide complex. Iodine presents a set of three absorption peaks, whereas the complex only two in the ultraviolet region. Using hydroxylamine excess it is possible to monitor the triiodide in λ max. 352 nm e λ max. 288 nm. Employing the best experimental conditions, linear calibration curves between 2,3x10-4 mol L-1 to 5,0x10-4 mol L-1 were obtained for the determination of iodate. The methodology was applied in table salt samples from supermarkets of the city of Natal, RN.

Um estudo espectrofotométrico de especiação das formas Cr+3, CrO4-2 e Cr2O7-2 foi realizado em amplo intervalo de pH de 2,0 a 12,0 em solução tampão Britton-Robinson. Os espectros de absorção das regiões ultra-violeta e visível são bem caracterizados, apresentando bandas nas duas regiões espectrais. A relação de absorbância versus concentração, para cada espécie química, permitiu conhecer o coeficiente de absortividade molar das entidades químicas.

A spectrophometric study of the speciation of the chemical forms Cr+3, CrO4-2 and Cr2O7-2 was carried out on a wide interval of pH (from 2,0 to 12,0) in a Britton-Robinson buffer solution. The absorption spectra of the ultraviolet and visible regions are well defined and show bands in the two spectral regions. The relation between absorbance versus concentration for each chemical species allowed us to know the molar absorption coefficients of the chemical entities.

O ânion metabissulfito é largamente usado como agente anti-oxidante e preservativo de uma variedade de produtos industrializados. A interação desta espécie com o corante pararosanilina é capaz de promover o rebaixamento da banda de absorção do pigmento na região do visível. Utilizando as melhores condições experimentais, tais como, solução tampão Britton e Robinson, pH 5,0 e corante em 1,0x10-4 mol L-1, foi possível obter uma relação entre concentração de metabissulfito e absorbância, na faixa entre 1,3x10-6 mol L-1 a 3,0x10-5 mol L-1. O limite de detecção foi calculado em 5,0x10-7 mol L-1. A metodologia foi aplicada em amostras reais.

Metabisulfite anion is widely used as an antioxidant agent and preservative of a number of industrialized products. The interaction of this agent with pararosaniline dye can reduce the absorption band of the pigment within the visible area. From the best experimental conditions such as Britton-Robinson buffer solution, pH 5.0, and dye in a solution of 1.0x10-4 mol L-1, it was possible to obtain a relation between concentration of metabisulfite and absorbance in a range from 1,3x10-6 mol L-1 to 3.0x10-5 mol L-1. The detection limit was calculated in 5.0x10-7 mol L-1. The methodology was applied on real samples.

O corante pararosanilina (P) é um pigmento que apresenta um relevante papel na análise de substâncias química e bactérias do tipo Gram positivo e negativo, além de outros microorganismos. Os ensaios potenciométricos de P mostraram que o corante é um ácido monoprótico e fraco (pKa= 8,78); enquanto a espectrofotometria permitiu estimar seu coeficiente de absortividade molar (ε) igual a 1,48x10(4) mol-1 cm-1 L. A curva analítica para a determinação de P apresenta linearidade entre 7,36x10-6 a 7,36x10-5 mol L-1 e a metodologia foi aplicação em amostras biológicas.

Pararosaniline dye (P) is a pigment which has a significant role in analysis of chemical substances and gram-positive and negative bacteria, as well as other microorganisms. Potentiometric essays of P have shown that the colorant is a weak monoprotic acid (pKa= 8,78); and the spectrophotometry allows to estimate its molar absorption coefficient as 1,48x10(4) mol-1 cm-1 L. The analytical curve for a determination of P has linearity between 7,36x10-6 and 7,36x10-5 mol L-1, and the methodology was application in biological samples.

An overview about the role of alkoxides in the most recent uses of the sol-gel process in the synthesis of new materials is presented. Special attention is focused on the uses of silicon, aluminum, zirconium and titanium alkoxides. This review shows that the alkoxides enable the synthesis of new matrices with controlled surface area, acidity and porosity, as well as some unusual properties. The property associated with the solubility of metal alkoxides opens enormous possibilities of combining them for the synthesis films of powders with a very large range of metal compositions.

A layered matrix, alpha-VOPO4.2H2O was used as host species to produce a VOPO4.dimethylacetamide intercalation compound. The oxovanadium matrix and the synthesized hybrid were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffractometry and SEM microscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the VOPO4.dimethylacetamide compound is amorphous, but can be turned lamellar after a solubilization-crystallization process. The SEM micrographs obtained for the VOPO4-dimethylacetamide hybrid matrix show that the microstructure of VOPO4.2H2O is changed after reaction, with a delamination of the oxovanadium matrix.

A brief review about the main thermochemical and spectroscopic basicity scales is presented, with a discussion about the range of reliability of them. Is concluded that, as a general trend, thermochemical basicity scales are more sensitives, and so reliable, than spectroscopic ones.

The synthesis of the layered compound VO(PO4)(H2O)2 and its use to oxidize 2-butanol to the ketone 2-butanone, is proposed as an experiment to integrate the organic and inorganic experimental undergraduate chemistry courses, in an atempt to overcome the observed disrupture between organic and inorganic chemistry.

Titania powders were synthesized by a sol-gel process using titanium tetrabutoxide as precursor. The syntheses were performed in water or in solutions of dimethylformamide (dmf) or dimethylsulfoxide (dmso). It is demonstrated, by X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized powders, that the samples obtained in dmf or dmso solutions are crystalline (anatase phase) with some minor amount of brookite phase, whereas the sample synthesized in water is amorphous. The anatase phase can be obtained independently of any previous or further treatment of the synthesized powder, such as hydrothermal or heat treatment, providing a new, simple, quick and inexpensive route to synthesize anatase powders. From the peak broadening of the anatase (101) diffraction, the crystallite sizes were calculated as 6 nm.

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of adducts of general formula MCl2.ngly, where M= Mn and Cu; n= 2 and 4, and gly= glycine. The manganese adducts were synthesized by dissolution of both, manganese chloride and glycine in water, whereas the copper adducts were obtained by using an alternative solid state synthesis approach. For all adducts, the obtained infrared data shows that the coordination involves the amine nitrogen atom, as well as an oxygen atom of the COO- group. The TG curves for the synthesized adducts exhibit only one mass loss step associated with the release of glycine molecules.

By using thermochemical data reported for a series of chelates of the type [Ln(thd)3], thd = 2, 2, 6, 6 tetramethyl- 3,5-heptanedione and Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, empirical correlations were found involving thermochemical parameters (e.g. dissociation enthalpy) and the thermodynamic temperatures of the beginning of thermal degradation of the chelates, t i. It is shown that t i values are of capital importance in the study of this all class of coordination compounds. Among others, the empirical equation is obtained: r3+ = (-0,013.Z + 1,36)/0,005, that relates the lanthanide cation radius (pm) with the atomic number of the element. The remarkable fact is that this equation is achieved by using thermogravimetric and calorimetric parameters. Is also shown that t i values are related with the P(M) function values, which are very close related with the energy difference, deltaE, between the lowest electronic energy level of the f n s²d¹ configuration and the lowest energy level of the f n+1s² configuration in the neutral gaseous atoms.

An overview about the homogeneous and heterogeneous methods of synthesizing silylating agents and applications of the organofunctionalized silica-gel samples was explored. The pendant molecules attached covalently to the inorganic surface displayed important properties to act as sequestrating agents for metals in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. The large variety of basic centres anchored on organic molecules improve the capacity in adsorbing cations. The increase in adsorption is dependent on the number of basic atoms disposed on the pendant molecules on the surface. The combination of acidic and basicity properties favours the selectivity, such is exemplified by the thiol modified silicas towards mercury (II) cations.

Iron and arsenic oxide grains are coated with the conducting organic polymer polyaniline. The obtained samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, SEM, conducting measurements and thermogravimetry. The thermal stability of both oxides are increased. For As2O3 the sublimation temperature is increased from 165ºC in the pure oxide to 206ºC in the polymer modified sample. The pure Fe3O4 sample exhibits sublimation at 780ºC whereas the polyaniline coated oxide is stable until at least 1000ºC.

An overview of the experimental procedures to prepare lamellar samples of silica, as well as the reactivity and possible applications of this kind of material is presented. Special attention is focused on the obtained materials by using neutral dialkylamine route through sol-gel process.